%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% utdiss1.sty (July 1998) % utdiss1-16a.sty (7/25/1998) 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Doctoral Dissertation Format Macros for The Univ. of Texas at Austin
%     By Young U. Ryu
% and some fixes by Miguel A. Lerma (malerma@math.utexas.edu)
%
%
% This file has been modified on 10/18/95 by Miguel A. Lerma 
% The modification consisted of commenting the section about 
% APA style referencing, and changing the name of the file to 
% utdiss1.sty to distinguish it from the original utdiss.sty
% 
% Further modifications:
% 
% 11/30/95: Modified the definition of \nopage@addcontentsline 
%           to fix a problem with the generation of some lines 
%           in the in the toc file, such as the one for Vita 
% 
%             (Miguel A. Lerma).
% 
% 11/30/95: Substituted the keyword 'abstract' by 'utabstract' 
%           in order  to fix a problem with page numbering 
% 
%             (Miguel A. Lerma).
% 
% 3/6/96:   Corrected a typo in the definition of \onehalf@space.
% 
%           Updated usage instructions.
% 
%           Modified definition of \longtocentry.
% 
%             (Miguel A. Lerma).
%
% 3/7/96:   Changes after a ``format check'' in the Office of 
%           Graduate Studies:
% 
%           In signature page (iii), substituted ``supervisory'' 
%           with ``dissertation''.
% 
%           Removed ``boldface'' from some lines in the 
%           abstract page (vi).
% 
%             (Miguel A. Lerma).
%           
% 3/8/96:   Modified ``Appendix'' and ``Appendices'' 
%           in order to be also numbered and their page 
%           showed in the Table of Contents.
%
% 5/30/96:  Added the "\acknowledgments" (NOT "\acknowledgements") 
%           command to solve a compatibility problem with utdiss1.doc.
%
% 7/3/96:   Substituted \bf\ti@tle by \large\bf\TI@TLE in Abstract 
%           page to make the title look the same everywhere.
%
%           Redefinition of \@part for using by \part. 
% 
%             (Miguel A. Lerma).
%
% 7/9/96:   Changed vita environment to include page number in toc (MAL)
%
% 8/14/96:  New definition of TI@TLE, must be double spaced (M.A.L.)
%
% 9/13/96:  Changed definition of ``vitahead'' to print page number 
%
%           Added the command ``\short@page'' to  ``Appendix'' and 
%           ``Appendices'' to prevent them from printing the page 
%           number of the first page too low.
%
%           Added ``\global'' to some variables in the definitions 
%           of ``\short@page'' and \"regular@page'' to solve 
%           a problem with the page number printed too low in 
%           the Bibliography. (M.A.L.)
%
% 9/14/96:  Redefined ``theindex'' to prevent it from printing the 
%           first page number of the Index too low - this was hard,
%           it took me 15 hours to figure out the cause and fix it! 
%           The computer used to forget the size of the reduced text  
%           after going to the second column. I had to redefine \@opcol 
%           inside the environment in order to propagate the right 
%           parameters to the second column of the first page. (M.A.L.)
%
% 4/21/97:  Added \short@page to the redefinition of \@part to prevent 
%           it from printing the first page of each part (except for 
%           the first part) too low. (MAL)
%
% 4/22/97:  Added \nochapters for using sections only without chapters.
% 
%           Modified \oddsidemargin, \evensidemargin, \textwidth, 
%           to make the margins slightly larger.
% 
%           (M.A.L.)
% 
% 4/25/97:  A few new modifications in the margins.
% 
% 5/16/97:  Modification of \nochapters to improve numbering of 
%           sections, equations, figures and tables.
%
% 6/30/97:  Added \default@spacing at the end of the 
%           definition of \nochapters. 
%
% 7/15/97:  Fixed a problem with the position of page #1 
%           when using \nochapters.
%
% 7/16/97:  Fixed a problem with the position of the first 
%           page of each section when using \nochapters
%           - the page number should be at the bottom. 
%           Also created the command \fpage to put at 
%           the beginning of the first page of any division 
%           of the document that should start in a new 
%           page and with the page number at the bottom.
%
%           Definition of \vitahead slightly modified 
%           for working with ``long'' Vitae.
%
% 3/18/98:  Added \masterthesis and \masterreport for 
%           generating a Master Thesis or a Master Report 
%           instead of a Doctoral Dissertation.
%           Added also \dissertation for symmetry.
%
% 7/25/98:  Added some vertical space between the author's name 
%           and the ``The University of Texas...'' line on the 
%           abstract page.
%
% 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%
% NOTE: THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW ARE OBSOLETE. USE INSTEAD:
%
% \documentclass[12pt]{report} 
%
% \usepackage{utdiss1} 
% 
%                                          (M.A.L.)
%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% utdiss.sty --- Version 1.1 (June 1991)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Doctoral Dissertation Format Macros for The Univ. of Texas at Austin
%     By Young U. Ryu
% 
% How to Use -
%     \documentstyle[12pt,utdiss]{report}
%
% Note: This style file does not guarantee the satisfaction
%       of all requirements specified by the Graduate School
%       of the University of Texas at Austin.
%

% 
% THE ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS ARE OBSOLETE. USE INSTEAD:
%
% \documentclass[12pt]{report} 
%
% \usepackage{utdiss1} 
% 
%                                          (M.A.L.)
%

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* U.T. Austin Doctoral Dissertation Format - Version 1.1-a}
\typeout{* by Young. U. Ryu - June 1991}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* with some fixes by Miguel A. Lerma - Fall 1995, Spring 1996, Summer 1996,}
\typeout{*  Spring 1997, Summer 1997, Spring 1998 - this is utdiss1-16a.sty}
\typeout{* ( malerma@math.utexas.edu )}
\typeout{*}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Dimension Setting %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%\oddsidemargin .5in \evensidemargin .5in
\oddsidemargin 0.625in \evensidemargin 0.625in    % (MAL, 4/25/97)
%\textwidth 5.65in
\textwidth 5.5in       % was 5.65in    (4/22/97)
%\topmargin 0in
\topmargin 0.125in
\headheight .21in
\headsep .29in   % \headheight + \headsep = 0.5in
%\textheight 8.15in % \textheight includes \footskip
\textheight 8in % \textheight includes \footskip  % (MAL, 4/25/97)
\footskip .5in

\skip\footins 22.8pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
\parindent .5in
\parskip 5 pt plus 1.5pt minus .5pt
\itemsep 0 pt plus .5pt

\pagenumbering{roman}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Macros to Modify Some Default Settings of `report.sty'. %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% Macros to change the location of page number on the page head
%

\newlength{\my@head@width}
\setlength{\my@head@width}{\textwidth}
\addtolength{\my@head@width}{0.25in}

% Adopted from `fancyheading.sty' of Piet van Oostrum and modified
\def\@fancyhead#1#2#3#4#5{#1\hbox to\my@head@width{\vbox{\hbox
{\rlap{\parbox[b]{\my@head@width}{\raggedright#2\strut}}\hfill
\parbox[b]{\my@head@width}{\centering#3\strut}\hfill
\llap{\parbox[b]{\my@head@width}{\raggedleft#4\strut}}}}}#5}

% Adopted from `report.sty' and modified
\def\ps@myheadings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
\def\@oddhead{\@fancyhead\relax{\hbox{}}{\hbox{}}{\rm\thepage}\hss}
\def\@oddfoot{}
\def\@evenfoot{}
\def\chaptermark##1{}%
\def\sectionmark##1{}%
\def\subsectionmark##1{}}

%
% Macros to make:
%       the text height of the first page of every chapter
%       = \textheight - \footskip
%
\newlength{\regular@textheight}
\newlength{\short@textheight}
\setlength{\regular@textheight}{\textheight}
\setlength{\short@textheight}{\textheight}
\addtolength{\short@textheight}{-\footskip}

\def\short@page{%
    \setlength{\textheight}{\short@textheight}
%    \@colht\textheight
%    \@colroom\textheight
%    \vsize\textheight}
    \global \@colht\textheight
    \global \@colroom\textheight
    \global \vsize\textheight}
\def\regular@page{%
    \setlength{\textheight}{\regular@textheight}
%    \@colht\textheight
%    \@colroom\textheight
%    \vsize\textheight}
    \global \@colht\textheight
    \global \@colroom\textheight
    \global \vsize\textheight}

\newcounter{regular@short}

\let\old@opcol\@opcol
\def\@opcol{%
    \ifnum\value{regular@short}=0\regular@page\old@opcol
    \else\short@page\old@opcol\fi}

%
% Macros to set spacing of text and quotations
%                          ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
\def\single@space{%
    \vskip\baselineskip
%    \baselineskip=13.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt
    \baselineskip=15.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt
    \vskip-\baselineskip}
\def\endsingle@space{\par}

\def\onehalf@space{%
    \vskip\baselineskip
%    \baselineskip=18.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt
%    \baselineskip=20.5pt plus .5pt minus .2tp  % <- this is a typo
    \baselineskip=20.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt   % <- (correction)
    \vskip-\baselineskip}
\def\endonehalf@space{\par}

\def\double@space{%
    \vskip\baselineskip
%    \baselineskip=22.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt
    \baselineskip=23.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt
    \vskip-\baselineskip}
\def\enddouble@space{\par}

% Spacing for quotations
\let\old@quote\quote
\let\endold@quote\endquote
\let\old@quotation\quotation
\let\endold@quotation\endquotation

\def\singlespacequote{%
%    \let\old@quote\quote
%    \let\endold@quote\endquote
    \def\quote{\old@quote\single@space}
    \def\endquote{\endsingle@space\endold@quote}
%    \let\old@quotation\quotation
%    \let\endold@quotation\endquotation
    \def\quotation{\old@quotation\single@space}
    \def\endquotation{\endsingle@space\endold@quotation}}

\def\onehalfspacequote{%
%    \let\old@quote\quote
%    \let\endold@quote\endquote
    \def\quote{\old@quote\onehalf@space}
    \def\endquote{\endonehalf@space\endold@quote}
%    \let\old@quotation\quotation
%    \let\endold@quotation\endquotation
    \def\quotation{\old@quotation\onehalf@space}
    \def\endquotation{\endonehalf@space\endold@quotation}}

% Regular text spacing
\def\doublespacing{%
%    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=22.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}
    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=23.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}
\def\onehalfspacing{%
%    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=18.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}
    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=20.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}
\def\singlespacing{%
%    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=13.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}
    \def\default@spacing{\baselineskip=15.5pt plus .5pt minus .2pt}}

%
% Macros to adjust the shape of table of contents
% Adopted from macros of Stefan Timphus
% Modified by Young U. Ryu so that entries are correctly indented.
% If there are 10 or more sections,
%              10 or more subsections for a section, etc. etc.
% enter `\longtocentry' somewhere before `\begin{document}'.
%
\newlength{\one@num}\setlength{\one@num}{0pt}  % 1.5em  % indent of \section
\newlength{\two@num}\settowidth{\two@num}{9.9...}
\newlength{\three@num}\settowidth{\three@num}{9.9.9...}
\newlength{\four@num}\settowidth{\four@num}{9.9.9.9...}
\newlength{\five@num}\settowidth{\five@num}{9.9.9.9.9...}
\newlength{\six@num}\settowidth{\six@num}{9.9.9.9.9.9...}

%\def\longtocentry{%
%\newlength{\two@num}\settowidth{\two@num}{99.99...}
%\newlength{\three@num}\settowidth{\three@num}{99.99.99...}
%\newlength{\four@num}\settowidth{\four@num}{99.99.99.99...}
%\newlength{\five@num}\settowidth{\five@num}{99.99.99.99.99...}
%\newlength{\six@num}\settowidth{\six@num}{99.99.99.99.99.99...}}

% The previous definition of \longtocentry gave the following error:
% ! LaTeX Error: Command \two@num already defined.
% Modified to the following (M.A.L.):

\def\longtocentry{%
\settowidth{\two@num}{99.99...}
\settowidth{\three@num}{99.99.99...}
\settowidth{\four@num}{99.99.99.99...}
\settowidth{\five@num}{99.99.99.99.99...}
\settowidth{\six@num}{99.99.99.99.99.99...}}

\newlength{\c@onenum}
    \setlength{\c@onenum}{\one@num}
\newlength{\c@twonum}
    \setlength{\c@twonum}{\c@onenum}\addtolength{\c@twonum}{\two@num}
\newlength{\c@threenum}
    \setlength{\c@threenum}{\c@twonum}\addtolength{\c@threenum}{\three@num}
\newlength{\c@fournum}
    \setlength{\c@fournum}{\c@threenum}\addtolength{\c@fournum}{\four@num}
\newlength{\c@fivenum}
    \setlength{\c@fivenum}{\c@fournum}\addtolength{\c@fivenum}{\five@num}

\def\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{\c@onenum}{\two@num}}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{\c@twonum}{\three@num}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{\c@threenum}{\four@num}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{\c@fournum}{\five@num}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{\c@fivenum}{\six@num}}

% A modified version of `\addcontentsline' of `latex.tex'.
% Do not place page numbers in the table of content.
% \def\nopage@addcontentsline#1#2#3{\if@filesw \begingroup
%  \let\label\@gobble \let\index\@gobble \let\glossary\@gobble
%  \def\protect##1{\string\string\string##1\string\space
%      \space}\@temptokena{}%
%  \edef\@tempa{\write \@auxout{\string\@writefile{#1}{%
%      \protect\contentsline{#2}{#3}{\the\@temptokena}}}}%
%      \@tempa\if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\endgroup\fi}


% Another (and much simpler) definition of \nopage@addcontentsline, 
% also intended not to place page numbers in the table of content.
% For some reason the previous definition doesn't work right 
% any more (Miguel A. Lerma).

\def\nopage@addcontentsline#1#2#3{\addtocontents{#1}%
{\protect \contentsline {#2}{#3}{}}}


% Stolen from `report.sty'
% Modified to change the size of left skip
%     for \chapter title which is longer than one line
\newlength{\toc@chap@indent}
\settowidth{\toc@chap@indent}{\bf\@chapapp\space\thechapter.\hspace*{1em}}
\def\l@chapter#1#2{\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}
    \vskip 1.0em plus 1pt
    \@tempdima=\toc@chap@indent
    \begingroup
    \parindent \z@
    \rightskip \@pnumwidth
    \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
    \bf \leavevmode
    \advance\leftskip\@tempdima \hskip -\leftskip #1\nobreak\hfil
    \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
    \penalty\@highpenalty \endgroup}

\def\@makechapterhead#1{ \vspace*{0pt} {\parindent 0pt \centering
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne \Large\bf \@chapapp{} \thechapter
    \par \vskip 15pt \fi \Large \bf #1\par \nobreak \vskip 35pt}}

\def\@makeschapterhead#1{\vspace*{0pt} {\parindent 0pt \centering
    \Large \bf #1\par \nobreak \vskip 30pt}}

\def\chapter{%
    \clearpage
    \short@page \setcounter{regular@short}{0} %<<--
    \default@spacing
    \global\@topnum\z@ \@afterindentfalse %\@afterindenttrue
    \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}

\def\shortchapter{%
    \clearpage
    \short@page \setcounter{regular@short}{1} %<<--
    \default@spacing
    \global\@topnum\z@ \@afterindentfalse %\@afterindenttrue
    \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}

\newcount\chap@or@app\chap@or@app=1

\def\appendixname{Appendix}

\def\appendix{\clearpage
    \typeout{Appendix.}
    \short@page                               % <- 9/13/96 (MAL)
%    \thispagestyle{empty}

        \markboth{}{}\pagestyle{myheadings}   % <- The appendix must 
        \thispagestyle{plain}                 % <- be numbered.

    \vspace*{\fill}
    \centerline{\large\bf Appendix}
    \vspace*{\fill}
%    \nopage@addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendix}

    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendix}  % <-

    \setcounter{chapter}{0}
    \setcounter{section}{0}
    \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}
    \chap@or@app=2
    \def\thechapter{\Alph{chapter}}}

\def\appendices{\clearpage
    \short@page \setcounter{regular@short}{1} % <- 9/13/96 (MAL)
    \typeout{Appendices.}
%    \thispagestyle{empty}

        \markboth{}{}\pagestyle{myheadings}   % <- The appendices must
        \thispagestyle{plain}                 % <- be numbered.

    \vspace*{\fill}
    \centerline{\large\bf Appendices}
    \vspace*{\fill}
%    \nopage@addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendices}

    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendices}  % <-

    \setcounter{chapter}{0}
    \setcounter{section}{0}
    \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}
    \chap@or@app=2
    \def\thechapter{\Alph{chapter}}}


% Redefinition of \@part for using by \part (M.A.L.)

\newcount\with@parts\with@parts=0 % <- this would allow to restart 
                                  %    page number with Chapter 1 (MAL)
\def\@part[#1]#2{%
    \short@page                   % <- Added 4/21/97 (MAL)
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
      \refstepcounter{part}%        % Added \partname~ below (M.A.L.)
      \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\partname~\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
    \else
      \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
    \fi
    \markboth{}{}
    {\centering
     \interlinepenalty \@M
     \reset@font
     \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
       \huge\bfseries \partname~\thepart
       \par
       \vskip 20\p@
     \fi
     \Huge \bfseries #2\par}%
     \ifnum\value{part}=1\pagenumbering{arabic}%  % if Part I
     \with@parts=1\fi%  % <- to avoid restarting page number with chapter 1
    \@endpart}

% End redefinition of \@part

\newcommand\fpage{%             % First page of a 
\clearpage                      % new ``major'' section
\short@page                     % 
\thispagestyle{plain}           % (7/16/97 M.A.L.)
}

\newcounter{no@chapters}                      % (7/16/97 M.A.L.)
\setcounter{no@chapters}{0}                   % 

\newcommand\nochapters{%                      %
\setcounter{no@chapters}{1}                   % (7/16/97 M.A.L.)
\fpage  \setcounter{regular@short}{0}         %
\global\@topnum\z@ \@afterindentfalse         %
                                              %
%\newpage                                      % Added 
\pagenumbering{arabic}                        % for using with 
\markboth{}{}\pagestyle{myheadings}           % no chapters
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\addvspace{10pt}} % (4/22/97, MAL)

\renewcommand{\thesection}{\arabic{section}}   % A few additional
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{equation}} % changes to improve
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{\@arabic\c@figure}   % numbering
\renewcommand{\thetable}{\@arabic\c@table}     % (5/16/97 M.A.L.)

\default@spacing                              % (6/30/97 M.A.L.)
                                              %
%\short@page \setcounter{regular@short}{0}     % (7/15/97 M.A.L.)
%\global\@topnum\z@ \@afterindentfalse         %
%\thispagestyle{plain}                         %
}                                             % 

\def\@chapter[#1]#2{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne 
    \refstepcounter{chapter}
    \typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.\hspace*{1em}#1}\else
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}\fi
    \chaptermark{#1}
    \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10pt}}
    \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10pt}}
    \@makechapterhead{#2} \@afterheading
    \ifnum\chap@or@app=1\ifnum\value{chapter}=1         % if Chapter 1
        \markboth{}{}\pagestyle{myheadings}
        \ifnum\with@parts=0\pagenumbering{arabic}\fi% Restart page number only
                                                 % if there are no parts (MAL)
                                           \fi\fi 
        \thispagestyle{plain}}

\def\@schapter#1{\thispagestyle{plain}
        \@makeschapterhead{#1} \@afterheading}

%%% Stolen from latex.tex (to unindent the first para of (sub)sections)
\def\@startsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{\if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi
   \par \@tempskipa #4\relax
   \@afterindentfalse
   \if@nobreak \everypar{}
   \else\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}\addvspace{\@tempskipa}\fi
   \@ifstar{\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}%
           {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}}
 
\def\section{%
     \ifnum\value{no@chapters}=1 \fpage \fi%    % (7/16/97 M.A.L.)
     \@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}%
    {4.6ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{.3ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}}
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
    {3.9ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{.2ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\bf}}
\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
%    {3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{-1.5ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\it}}
    {3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}{.1ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\it}}

\def\thebibliography#1{\chapter*{Bibliography}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
    \list
    {[\arabic{enumi}]}{\settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]}\leftmargin\labelwidth
    \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
    \usecounter{enumi}} \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em}%    \sloppy \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
\let\endthebibliography=\endlist}


% Redefinition of ``theindex'' 9/14/96 (MAL)

\newlength{\s@short@textheight}
\setlength{\s@short@textheight}{\short@textheight}
\addtolength{\s@short@textheight}{-\footskip}

\def\ishort@page{%
    \setlength{\textheight}{\s@short@textheight}
    \addtolength{\footskip}{\footskip}
    \global \@colht\textheight
    \global \@colroom\textheight
    \global \vsize\textheight}

\newcounter{regular@short@col}

\def\index@opcol@def{%
   \def\@opcol{%
      \ifnum\value{regular@short@col}=0\old@opcol\regular@page
      \else\old@opcol%
            \ishort@page\addtocounter{regular@short@col}{-1}%
      \fi}%
}

\renewenvironment{theindex}
               {\if@twocolumn
                  \@restonecolfalse
                \else
                  \@restonecoltrue
                \fi
                \let\current@opcol\@opcol                 % <-
                \columnseprule \z@
                \columnsep 35\p@
                \twocolumn[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
                \@mkboth{\uppercase{\indexname}}%
                        {\uppercase{\indexname}}%
             \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\indexname}%  % <- 
                    \ishort@page                          % <-
                    \setcounter{regular@short@col}{1}%    % <-
                    \index@opcol@def%                     % <- 
                \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@ 
                \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
                \let\item\@idxitem}
               {\let\@opcol\current@opcol%                % <-
                 \if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}

\def\masterthesis{%
    \typeout{* This is a master thesis *}
    \def\doc@type{thesis}   % for master thesis 
    \def\DOC@TYPE{THESIS}   % the document type 
                            % is "thesis" (MAL, 3/12/98)
%
\def\previous@degrees{B.S.}
\def\target@degree{M.A.}
\def\d@gree{MASTER OF ARTS}
%
\def\approval@words{%
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}APPROVED BY\hfill}            %           
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}SUPERVISING COMMITTEE:\hfill} %
                                           }                     %
    \def\pubnum{}           % (M.A.L. 3/18/98)
}

\def\masterreport{%
    \typeout{* This is a master report}
    \def\doc@type{report}   % for master report 
    \def\DOC@TYPE{REPORT}   % the document type 
                            % is "report" (MAL, 3/12/98)
%
\def\previous@degrees{B.S.}
\def\target@degree{M.A.}
\def\d@gree{MASTER OF ARTS}
%
\def\approval@words{%
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}APPROVED BY\hfill}            %           
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}SUPERVISING COMMITTEE:\hfill} %
                                           }                     %
    \def\pubnum{}           % (M.A.L. 3/18/98)
}

\def\dissertation{%               % (M.A.L., 3/18/98)
    \typeout{* This is a dissertation *}
    \def\doc@type{dissertation}   % for dissertation 
    \def\DOC@TYPE{DISSERTATION}   % the document type 
                                  % is "dissertation" 
%
\def\previous@degrees{B.S., M.S.}
\def\target@degree{Ph.D.}
\def\d@gree{DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY}
%
\def\approval@words{%
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}APPROVED BY\hfill}             %           
         \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}DISSERTATION COMMITTEE:\hfill} %
                                           }                      %
    \def\pubnum{\centerline{Publication No. \rule{1.5in}{0.4pt}}}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% PRELIMINARY DATA (AND/OR THEIR DEFAULTS) FOR DISSERTATION %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%
%       Default Data of Author, Dissertation, etc.
%

\dissertation    % by default the document is a dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)

%\def\doc@type{dissertation} % taken to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)
%\def\DOC@TYPE{DISSERTATION} % taken to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)

\def\au@thor{\bf Author Name Required !!!}
\def\AU@THOR{\bf \uppercase{Author Name Required !!!}}

\def\ti@tle{\bf Title Required !!!}
\def\TI@TLE{\bf \uppercase{Title Required !!!}}

%\def\previous@degrees{B.S., M.S.} % to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)
%\def\target@degree{Ph.D.}         % to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)
%\def\d@gree{DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY} % to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)

\def\graduation@month{\ifcase\month\or
    May\or May\or May\or May\or May\or August\or August\or
    August\or December\or December\or December\or December\fi}
\def\graduation@year{\number\year}

\def\add@ress{\bf Permanent Address Required !!!}
\def\type@ist{the author}

%\def\approval@words{% % taken to def of \dissertation (MAL 3/18/98)
%    \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}APPROVED BY\hfill}                 %
%%    \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE:\hfill} }   %
%%
%% According to the Office fo Graduate Studies, it should say     %
%% ``Dissertation'' Commitee instead of ``Supervisory Committee'' %
%%  (M.A.L.):                                                     % 
%%
%    \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}DISSERTATION COMMITTEE:\hfill} }   %

\def\supervisor@sign@line{%
    \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{\hfill Supervisor: }\hrulefill}%
    \bigskip\medskip\endgraf}
\def\other@sign@line{%
    \leftline{\hbox to 2.5in{}\hrulefill}%
    \bigskip\medskip\endgraf}

\newcount\super@visor@no\super@visor@no=1
\newcount\@committee@size\@committee@size=5
\newcount\super@visorno@ctr
\newcount\committee@size@ctr
\def\sign@turelines{\super@visorno@ctr=0
    {\loop\ifnum\super@visorno@ctr<\super@visor@no
     \advance\super@visorno@ctr by1
     \supervisor@sign@line \repeat}
     \committee@size@ctr=0
     \advance\committee@size@ctr by \super@visor@no
    {\loop\ifnum\committee@size@ctr<\@committee@size
     \advance\committee@size@ctr by1
     \other@sign@line \repeat}}

\def\super@visor{\bf Supervisor Required}
\def\super@visorr{}
\def\super@visorrr{}

%
%       Input Data of Author, Dissertation, etc.
%
\def\doctype#1{\def\doc@type{#1}\def\DOC@TYPE{\uppercase{#1}}}

\def\author#1{\def\au@thor{#1}\def\AU@THOR{\uppercase{#1}}}

%\def\title#1{\def\TI@TLE{\uppercase{#1}}}
%\def\title{\@ifnextchar [{\@TITLE}{\@title}}  % -> commented out ->
%\def\@TITLE[#1]#2{%
%    \def\ti@tle{\uppercase{#1}}
%    \def\TI@TLE{\uppercase{#2}}}
%\def\@title#1{%
%    \def\ti@tle{\uppercase{#1}}
%    \def\TI@TLE{\uppercase{#1}}}              % <- commented out <-
%                                                (M.A.L. 8/14/96)

% new definition of TI@TLE, must be double spaced (M.A.L. 8/14/96)
\def\title#1{\def\TI@TLE{\double@space\uppercase{#1}}} 

\def\previousdegrees#1{\def\previous@degrees{#1}}
\def\degreeabbr#1{\def\target@degree{#1}}
\def\degree#1{\def\d@gree{#1}}

\def\graduationmonth#1{\def\graduation@month{#1}}
\def\graduationyear#1{\def\graduation@year{#1}}

\def\address#1{\def\add@ress{#1}}
\def\typist#1{\def\type@ist{#1}}

\def\supervisor{%
    \@ifnextchar [{\two@or@three@supervisor}{\one@supervisor}}
\def\two@or@three@supervisor[#1]{%
    \@ifnextchar [{\three@supervisor[#1]}{\two@supervisor[#1]}}
\def\one@supervisor#1{%
    \def\super@visor{#1}}
\def\two@supervisor[#1]#2{%
    \def\super@visor{#1}
    \def\super@visorr{#2}
    \super@visor@no=2}
\def\three@supervisor[#1][#2]#3{%
    \def\super@visor{#1}
    \def\super@visorr{#2}
    \def\super@visorrr{#3}
    \super@visor@no=3}

\def\committeesize#1{\@committee@size=#1}
        
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% COMPONENTS OF THESIS %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%
%       Signature Page
%
\def\signaturepage{\thispagestyle{empty}
    \vspace*{25pt}
    \baselineskip=16.5pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt
    \begin{center}
    \baselineskip=28.5pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt
    \large\bf\TI@TLE
    \end{center}
    \vfill
    \approval@words
    \bigskip\medskip\smallskip
    \sign@turelines
    \vspace{70pt}
    \clearpage}

%
%       Copyright Page
%
\def\copyrightpage{\thispagestyle{empty}
    \vspace*{\fill}
    \centerline{Copyright}
    \vspace*{5pt}
    \centerline{by}
    \vspace*{5pt}
    \centerline{\au@thor}
    \vspace*{5pt}
    \centerline{\graduation@year}
    \vfill\clearpage}

%
%       Dedication Page
%
\newenvironment{dedication}{\thispagestyle{empty}
    \vspace*{170pt}\begin{center}\default@spacing}%
    {\end{center}\clearpage}

%
%       Title Page
%
\def\titlepage{\thispagestyle{empty}
    \vspace*{5pt}
    \baselineskip=22.5pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt
    \begin{center}
    \baselineskip=28.5pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt
    \large\bf\TI@TLE  
    \end{center}
    \vspace{25pt}
    \centerline{\large\bf by}
    \vspace{25pt}
    \centerline{\large\bf\AU@THOR, \previous@degrees}
    \vfill
    \begin{center}
    {\bf\DOC@TYPE}\\
    Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of\\
    The University of Texas at Austin\\
    in Partial Fulfillment\\
    of the Requirements\\
    for the Degree of
    \end{center}
    \centerline{\bf\d@gree}
    \vfill
    \centerline{THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN}
    \centerline{\graduation@month\ \graduation@year}
    \clearpage
    \setcounter{regular@short}{1}}

%
%       Acknowledgements
%
\def\acknowledgements{%
    \shortchapter*{Acknowledgements}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Acknowledgements}
    \pagestyle{plain}}

%
%       Acknowledgments
%   (Added for compatibility with utdiss1.doc; M.A.L. 5/30/96)
%
\def\acknowledgments{%
    \shortchapter*{Acknowledgments}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Acknowledgments}
    \pagestyle{plain}}

%
%       Preface
%
\def\preface{%
    \shortchapter*{Preface}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Preface}
    \pagestyle{plain}}

%
%       Abstract Page


% Here it has been necessary to change the name of the keyword 
% for the abstract, otherwise it resets automatically the page 
% number to 1 (Miguel A. Lerma).

%\def\abstract{\clearpage
\def\utabstract{\clearpage      % <-
    \short@page
    \setcounter{regular@short}{1}
    \pagestyle{plain}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Abstract}
    \baselineskip 14pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt    
    \begin{center}
     \baselineskip=22.5pt plus .5pt minus .2 pt
%     \bf\ti@tle            % the title in the abstract and the 
     \large\bf\TI@TLE       % title page should look the same (M.A.L.)
    \end{center}
    \vspace*{25pt}
%    \centerline{Publication No. \rule{1.5in}{0.4pt}}  %
    \pubnum                                            % (MAL 3/18/98)
    \vspace*{7pt}
%    \centerline{\bf\au@thor, \target@degree}
%    \centerline{\bf The University of Texas at Austin, \graduation@year}
%
% According to the Office of Graduate Studies, we should not use 
% boldface here (M.A.L.)
%
    \centerline{\au@thor, \target@degree}                            % <-
    \vspace*{7pt}                                      % (MAL 7/25/98)
    \centerline{The University of Texas at Austin, \graduation@year} % <-
%
    \vspace{10pt}
    \begin{center}
     { \ifnum\super@visor@no=1
%        {\bf Supervisor: \bf \super@visor }
        {Supervisor: \super@visor }                                  % <-
       \else\ifnum\super@visor@no=2
        {\begin{tabular}{ll}
%         \bf Supervisors: & \bf \super@visor \\
%                          & \bf \super@visorr
         Supervisors: & \super@visor \\                              % <-
                      & \super@visorr                                % <-
         \end{tabular} }
       \else
        {\begin{tabular}{ll}
%         \bf Supervisors: & \bf \super@visor \\
%                          & \bf \super@visorr \\
%                          & \bf \super@visorrr
         Supervisors: & \super@visor \\                              % <-
                      & \super@visorr \\                             % <-
                      & \super@visorrr                               % <-
         \end{tabular}}
       \fi \fi }
    \end{center} \vskip 15pt
        \default@spacing
        \noindent}

% A reminder (Miguel A. Lerma).

\def\abstract{\typeout{WARNING: Please, use the keyword %
'utabstract' instead of 'abstract'!}}


%
%       Table of Content page
%
\def\tableofcontents{%
    \shortchapter*{Table of Contents}
    \pagestyle{plain}
    \baselineskip=12pt plus .5pt minus .5pt
    \@starttoc{toc}}

\def\listoffigures{%
    \shortchapter*{List of Figures}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Figures}
    \pagestyle{plain}
    \baselineskip=12pt plus .5pt minus .5pt
    \@starttoc{lof}}

\def\listoftables{%
    \shortchapter*{List of Tables}
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Tables}
    \pagestyle{plain}
    \baselineskip=12pt plus .5pt minus .5pt
    \@starttoc{lot}}


%
%       Vita Page
%
\newenvironment{vita}{\vitahead}{\vitatail}
%\def\vitahead{\chapter*{Vita}\thispagestyle{empty} % changed 9/13/96 (MAL)
                                            % (the page must be numbered)
%\def\vitahead{\shortchapter*{Vita}\pagestyle{plain} % changed 7/16/97 (MAL)
\def\vitahead{\chapter*{Vita}\thispagestyle{plain}   % for ``long'' Vitae.
%    \nopage@addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Vita} }
    \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Vita} } % page # in toc required (MAL)
\def\vitatail{\par\vfill\par
    \noindent Permanent address: \parbox[t]{3.5in}{\raggedright\add@ress}
    \vfill\par\noindent
    \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
    This \doc@type{} was typeset
    with \LaTeX\footnote[3]{\LaTeX{} is a document preparation
    system developed by Leslie Lamport as a special
    version of Donald Knuth's \TeX{} Program.}
    by \type@ist. \par\vspace{14pt} }

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% APA style referencing %
%    from newapa.sty    %
%    Modified by Young  %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% Remove %# in the following macro definitions if you 
% want the APA style referencing.
%
% In that case, the \bibitem should be
% very different. See diss.doc
% 
% Alternatively (and preferrable),
% you may use `newapa.bst'
% a BibTeX style file for APA style referencing 
%
%#\let\@internalcite\cite
%
% comment: \cite -> (Full Author List, Year)
% comment: \citeA -> Full Author List (Year)
% comment: \citeauthor -> Full Author List
%#\def\cite{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{(##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi)}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1, ##3}\@internalcite}
%#\def\citeA{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{{##1}\if@tempswa , ##2)\else)\fi}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1 (##3}\@citedata}
%#\def\citeauthor{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1}\@citedata}
%
% comment: \shortcite -> (Short Author List, Year)
% comment: \shortciteA -> Short Author List (Year)
% comment: \shortciteauthor -> Short Author List
%#\def\shortcite{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{(##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi)}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2, ##3}\@internalcite}
%#\def\shortciteA{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{{##1}\if@tempswa , ##2)\else)\fi}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2 (##3}\@citedata}
%#\def\shortciteauthor{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2}\@citedata}
%
% comment: \citeyear -> (Year)
%#\def\citeyear{\def\@citeseppen{-1000}%
%#    \def\@cite##1##2{(##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi)}%
%#    \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##3}\@citedata}
%
%#\def\@citedata{\@ifnextchar[{\@tempswatrue\@citedatax}{\@tempswafalse\@citedatax[]}}
%
%#\def\@citedatax[#1]#2{%
%#\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi
%#  \def\@citea{}\@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do
%#    {\@citea\def\@citea{, }\@ifundefined
%#       {b@\@citeb}{{\bf ?}\@warning
%#       {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}
%#{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}}}{#1}}
%
%#\def\@citex[#1]#2{%
%#\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi
%#  \def\@citea{}\@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do
%#    {\@citea\def\@citea{; }\@ifundefined
%#       {b@\@citeb}{{\bf ?}\@warning
%#       {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}%
%#{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}}}{#1}}
%
%#\def\@biblabel#1{}
%#\newlength{\bibhang}
%#\setlength{\bibhang}{2em}
%
%#\def\thebibliography#1{\chapter*{Bibliography}
%# \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
%#  \list
%#  {\relax}{\setlength{\labelsep}{0em}
%#    \setlength{\itemindent}{-\bibhang}
%#    \setlength{\leftmargin}{\bibhang}}
%#    \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em}
%#    \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000
%#    \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
%
% End of APA style referencing macro definitions
%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Default is double spacing. %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\doublespacing